Cundo un ciudadano puede pedir green card a hijastros

Cundo un ciudadano puede pedir green card a hijastros Los ciudadanos americanos pueden pedir la green card, tambiã ©n conocida como tarjeta de residencia permanente,â para los hijos extranjeros de su marido o de su mujer. Las reglas child distintas si los hijos child menores de 21 aã ±os y solteros o si child mayores o estn casados. Aplican las mismas normas para los casos en los que el varã ³n es el estadounidense y la mujer la extranjera y se pide a los hijos de à ©sta o el caso contrario. Es decir, cuando una mujer estadounidense contrae matrimonio con un hombre forneo y solicita la tarjeta de residencia permanente para los hijos de à ©ste. Requisitos del matrimonio entre ciudadano y extranjero para poder pedir a los hijos de à ©ste El preliminary requerimiento para poder pedir an un hijastro es que el vã ­nculo entre ciudadano estadounidense y el cã ³nyuge extranjero ocean unâ matrimonio legitimate vlido en el lugar en el que se celebraron, no una mera relaciã ³n de pareja o de hecho. Por otro lado, nunca se admiten los casos de bigamia, que en los Estados Unidos se considerado como un delito. Adems, seã ±alar que las leyes federales de migraciã ³n reconocen los mismos derechos a los matrimonios heterosexuales, conformados por una mujer y un varã ³n, que a los formados con dos personas del mismo sexo.â Pero,  ¿quiã ©nes se consideran hijastros? A los efectos de peticiã ³n de ciudadano para hijastros la ley es muy clara y pide que se cumplan dos requerimientos. En groundwork lugar, que se trate de hijos biolã ³gicos del cã ³nyuge extranjero casado con un ciudadano o que se trate de un hijo adoptado legalmente. Sã ³lo se admiten esos dos casos, por lo tanto quedan excluidas situaciones como hijos de crianza, guide legitimate, and so on. En segundo lugar, el ciudadano estadounidense sã ³lo podr pedir a los hijastros que tenã ­an menos de 18 aã ±os en el momento de celebrarse el casorio, aunque los reclame aã ±os ms tarde cuando ya child ms mayores de dicha edad. Es essential entender que los hijastros con los 18 aã ±os cumplidos o mayores en el momento en el que su mam o su pap se casã ³ con un ciudadano americano no pueden ser pedidos por à ©ste mediante este procedimiento. Si bien roughage otras opciones que se explican en este artã ­culo ms abajo. Si se cumplen estos dos requisitos, se aplican reglas distintas segã ºn la edad y el estado common del hijastro. Hijastros menores de 21 aã ±os que estn solteros Este grupo de personas se considera como familiares inmediatos de un ciudadano americano. Esto es muy importante porque al estar en esta categorã ­a noâ hay lã ­mites anuales al nã ºmero de personas que pueden conseguir la green card por este camino. Sã ³lo feed que esperar a que se apruebe su peticiã ³n, lo que generalmente toma sã ³lo unos meses. La tramitaciã ³n de los papeles se inicia enviando el formulario I-130 al Servicio de Inmigraciã ³n y Ciudadanã ­a, USCIS por sus siglas en inglã ©s. Se debe completar uno por cada hijastro y risks de iniciar los trmites verificar que se tienen ingresos suficientes para patrocinar y que el hijastro pedido no tiene en su historial ninguna causa que vaya a provocar que se le deniegue la green card. Si los hijastros estn ya en Estados Unidos roughage que ver si estn en condiciã ³n de ajustar su estatus.â Si entraron ilegalmente al paã ­s no ser posible ajustar el estatus, por lo que bets de iniciar ningã ºn trmite consultar con un abogado ya que tendrn que salir del paã ­s para completar la tramitaciã ³n y deben tener claro las posibles consecuencias negativas de la aplicaciã ³n del castigo de los 3 y de los 10 aã ±os y tambiã ©n verificar si esa regla les aplica o pueden estar excluidos. Si estn en el extranjero, el USCIS debe aprobar primero la peticiã ³n y posteriormenteâ se comunicar conâ el Centro Nacional de Visas y à ©ste con la oficina consular que deba tramitar la visa y con la persona interesada. En estos casos los hijastros del ciudadanoâ viajarn an Estados Unidos con una visa de inmigrante y se convertirn en residentes permanentes en el momento de ingresar al paã ­s.  ¿Quà © pasa si mientras se tramita la green card uno de los hijastros cumple 21 aã ±os? A veces ocurre que se pide al hijastro cuando es soltero y tiene menos de 21 aã ±os, pero la tramitaciã ³n se alarga y cumplen los 21 y todavã ­a no tienen los papeles. En estos casos la leyâ les protege y sigue considerando que pueden continuar el trmite ya iniciado. Se trata de una ficciã ³n lawful que considera que la edad del pedido se ha congelado.  ¿Quà © pasa si una vez iniciado el trmite el hijastro se casa? Este es un caso muy distinto al anterior.  El hijastro pasa de ser un natural inmediato de un ciudadano a ser considerado categorã ­a F3. En estos casos la espera para obtener los papeles es muy larga, siendo incluso civic chairman en el caso de Mã ©xico cuando se compara con otros paã ­ses de Latinoamã ©rica o Espaã ±a. Se debe consultar el boletã ­n de visas que cada mes publica el Departamento de Estado para un clculo aproximado de los tiempos de espera. Hijastros de cualquier edad que estn casados o solteros mayores de 21 aã ±os En este caso, el ciudadano americano todavã ­a puede solicitar la green card para sus hijastros, pero habr que esperar a que haya una visa de inmigranteâ disponible para ellos. Los solteros mayores de 21 aã ±os child un F1 y los casados de cualquier edad un F3. Recordar que siempre se va a mirar quã © edad tenã ­a la persona pedida en el momento en que su padre o madre se casã ³ con el ciudadano americano que los est pidiendo y que ese matrimonio debe haber tenido lugar bets de que cumplieran los 18 aã ±os. Otras opciones Para los casos en los que no es posible ninguna de las opciones anteriores porque el matrimonio tuvo lugar despuã ©s de que se cumplieran los 18 aã ±os de edad todavã ­a roughage opciones. Por ejemplo, un ciudadano puede pedir a su cã ³nyuge extranjero. Este se convierte en residente permanente lawful y , por lo tanto, tiene derecho propio a pedir a sus hijos solteros de cualquier edad (pero no a los casados). Pero ese residente puede, si asã ­ lo desea, solicitar la ciudadanã ­a por naturalizaciã ³n despuã ©s de que pasen 3 aã ±os de casado con ciudadano. Y una vez que convierte en ciudadano puede pedir a sus hijos casados. Consejos a tener en cuenta bets de iniciar la tramitaciã ³n Es posible que el USCIS no apruebe la peticiã ³n de la residencia permanente para los hijastros. En estos casos, verificar si se puede apelar la decisiã ³n. Tambiã ©n conviene asegurarse de que se tienen recursos econã ³micos suficientes o, en el caso de no tenerlos, garantizarse un copatrocinador e informarse de cã ³moâ pueden afectar las deudas y/o el mal crã ©dito a las peticiones de familia. Finalmente, para las personas interesadas en la green card se recomienda tomar este test de respuestas mã ºltiples que ayuda de un modo sencillo a conocer los puntos fundamentales sobre la tarjeta de residencia, cã ³mo obtenerla y cã ³mo conservarla.

Import and Export Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Import and Export - Essay Example Because of high GDP per capita pay Kuwait is an alluring business sector for extravagance and very good quality vehicles. Kuwait vigorously relies upon bringing in vehicles from different nations because of absence of assembling offices and the estimation of auto imports rose to 23% during 2012 (Kuwaitstay, 1). We are concentrating on sending out extravagance vehicle portion as its interest is solid in Kuwait. In Kuwait because of significant expense of creation in view of absence of assets and significant expense of work, fabricating offices for vehicles are not beneficial, hence practically all vehicles are imported from different nations (Kuwaitstay, 1). Our vehicles have incredible interest everywhere throughout the world and in Kuwait as a result of great, designing and economies of scale underway. 2. Coordinations foundation components critical to our fare and their hugeness. Framework coordinations components that are imperative to fare of extravagance vehicles in Kuwait are t ransportation and correspondence offices, open utilities, banking administrations and retail dispersion channels alongside nearness of good quality court framework, insurance of protected innovation rights and norms (David and Stewart, 41). 2.1 Transportation foundation : Good Transportation offices are significant in light of the fact that worldwide development of merchandise is profoundly influenced by framework without which shipment faces delays, stock gets harmed and prompts improperly bundled item. If there should arise an occurrence of extravagance vehicles quality and time is most extreme significant and any deferral or deformity won't go on without serious consequences by the client and results in colossal misfortune to the organization (David and Stewart, 41). Anyway in Kuwait transportation framework is very much evolved with global standard air terminals, trader marine and ports and terminals, all around associated cleared streets and great warehousing office to store im ported vehicles (CIA, 1). 2.2 Communication foundation : For worldwide exchanges smooth correspondence with clients and providers by various channels like mail, telephone or advanced and electronic media is critical for smooth business exchanges, sharing of data, item advancement, opportune choices and conveyance of item and in various nations significance of various stations fluctuates (David and Stewart, 62). Kuwait is a created nation with exceptionally created interchanges foundation. 2.3 Public Utilities framework : Public Utilities foundation like power, water, sewage and gas are pivotal for working a distribution center and foundation of corporate office since absence of satisfactory and solid flexibly of these things upset the working of business and increment the expense of activities (David and Stewart, 65). In Kuwait power and gas are modest and effectively accessible and water provided by desalination is reasonable and dependable with great sewage framework. 2.4 Banking Service and Retail Distribution Channels : Banking framework is basic for money related exchanges and lessens the danger of universal business exchanges and encourages different administrations like alternatives advertise supporting for supporting cash variance dangers. A very much grew retail dispersion channel gives clients item accessibility at accommodation and closeness and helps a lot in advancing the vehicle by store advancement and increment the purpose of

Fortune Magazine Says LinkedIn is Rocking!

Fortune Magazine Says LinkedIn is Rocking! On July 15, in an interview by Margaret Larkin on WCKG Chicago’s Geoff Pinkus Show, I was asked what main mistakes people are making on LinkedIn. My response was that the biggest mistake people make is not being on LinkedIn in the first place â€" or not taking it seriously if they are. This sentiment was echoed in a July 2013 Fortune Magazine article entitled, “LinkedIn: How It’s Changing Business (And How to Make it Work for You).” Journalist Jessi Hempel asserts, “In the past year LinkedIn has emerged as one of the most powerful business tools on the planet.” She reports that according to ComScore, the number of users who log on at least once a month has jumped 37% over last year, to 141 million worldwide. Furthermore, 88 of the Fortune 100 use LinkedIn’s licensed recruiting software to search for job candidates; the software obviates the need to pay a headhunter. As a job seeker or business person, why would you not want to jump on the LinkedIn bandwagon with full enthusiasm? LinkedIn is largely conceived as a job seeking hot spot. It might be telling that students represent LinkedIn’s fastest-growing member group, ostensibly because they are cognizant that it is essential to have a positive presence on LinkedIn when entering the job market. What students and other professionals might not realize, as described in the article, is that LinkedIn is not just a tool for job seekers. Large corporations such as Citigroup, NetSuite and Dell are using the power of this business network to target markets, conduct surveys, and conduct creative marketing activities. Also not obvious to most of us is that LinkedIn is working on collecting information that will likely provide some of the most accurate and valuable information about the job market and business throughout the world. CEO Jeff Weiner envisions that “LinkedIn will provide a real-time measure of where jobs exist, where customers aren’t being served, and where people need training.” One use of the site, for example, would be to identify what colleges are best for obtaining certain jobs after college. After all, LinkedIn has accurate information on where all its members went to college and what types of jobs they’re in now. Watch out U.S. News World Report â€" LinkedIn is coming! People are paying attention to LinkedIn. The author of the Fortune article related that she updated her LinkedIn profile as part of writing the story; and her colleagues noticed. They jumped to the conclusion that maybe she was thinking of looking for a new jobâ€"a common perception when someone updates a profile. But the reality is that updating a profile is a good idea for everyone, not just job seekers. It is a way to “touch” your network and gain visibility. Maybe you’ll get a lunch meeting out of it, or an interesting information exchange. Perhaps the most interesting point of this article to me personally is that LinkedIn has a vested interest in having its members improve their profiles; if the site is to become competitive in the sales industry, it must provide companies with robust information on social networks. It is odd, therefore, that LinkedIn’s platform is confusing to many, and also, as Ms. Hempel points out, that LinkedIn has not commissioned any “How to” books about using its site. How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile is cited as one of the premier books on the subject, a mention which makes me proud. Hempel observes that LinkedIn has been extremely persistent in its vision, making it “the single biggest repository of career data” and positioning the site to be a force in how business is done worldwide. This observation brings me back to my radio interview and my point that the biggest mistake you can make on LinkedIn is not to be on the site or not to take it seriously. How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile I’m doing everything I can to support LinkedIn members in creating effective profiles (and to keep up with the rapid changes LinkedIn is making to its functionality). If you haven’t yet read How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile, I encourage you to do so; you can get a free excerpt by signing up for my e-list at https://forms.aweber.com/form/58/584588858.htm. If you want the full version, including FREE lifetime updates, order the pdf for just $9.97 from The Essay Expert. And as always, your questions are welcome. If you have a comment or question please enter it in the comments and you might just see an answer in a future blog!

The Importance Of Collaboration With Other Researchers And...

Collaboration, the act of working together with one or more people towards a shared goal or interest, is oftentimes imperative and beneficial when conducting research or a study (Bates Kliegl, 2011). In addition, time can be a key aspect of conducting meaningful and quality research in the field of Psychology. Alan Baddeley, a British Psychologist, outlined the importance and benefits of collaboration with other researchers and the prominence of time when developing Psychology methods and tests- helping to ensure applicability, reliability, and the most information possible across various specializations in the Psychology field. As Baddeley mentioned in his article â€Å"On applying cognitive psychology,† well-known research like The Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test, the study of errorless learning by Baddeley and his colleagues, and the Doors and People Test, all lead to new findings or were the products of previous findings; each conducted over periods of time and done in c ollaboration with other researchers from many departments and specializations across the world. Baddeley accentuates that effective and influential research largely evolves over a very lengthy research process and that powerful research is more than merely nurturing the early growth and development of applied work (Baddeley, 2013). 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David Jones - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3552 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/14 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? DAVID JONES 8th October 09 Strategic Recommendations Report 08 Fall Executive Summary The Australian retail industry is experiencing significant changes in both macro and industry environments. Companies are required to improve customer service quality to retain customers as rivalry for customers is increasing due to the rising amount of online retailers. To meet this challenge, David Jones should expand into online retailing. Building customer loyalty will determine the viability of the transformation into a successful e-commerce company. Additionally, identification of stakeholders and their requirements are crucial in major organisational changes. To respond to changes in the external environment, David Jones should scale back on capital expenditure on its existing business model and invest in technology to build a cutting-edge e-commerce platform. Improving the efficiency of existing operations would secure the financial position of David Jones, while resources are devoted to the new business model. Employee empowerment and establishing customer loyalty levels would realise higher customer service and build loyalty for current and future operations. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "David Jones" essay for you Create order These organisational changes would not only result in improved shareholder value, but also meet demands from different stakeholder groups. Table of content 1. INTRODUCTION3 2. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS3 2. 1. Macro Environment3 2. 2. Industry Environment4 2. 3. Internal Analysis and Strategy4 3. STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS5 3. 1. Primary Stakeholders5 3. 2. Secondary Stakeholders6 3. 3. Social and Institutional Pressures and Trends7 4. STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS7 4. 1. Development of Future Operations7 4. 2. Improvements in Existing Operations8 5. ORGANISATIONAL IMPACT10 5. 1. E-commerce platform10 5. 2. Customer loyalty programs10 5. 3. Employee Empowerment11 6. CONCLUSION11 7. REFERENCE LIST1 1. INTRODUCTION On behalf of Li Partners consulting firm, we are pleased to present our strategic recommendations report. This report’s primary task is to recommend strategic and organisational changes to deliver growth in shareholder value. To support these recommendations, this report incorporates broad external environment and internal capabilities analysis on David Jones. David Jones’ stakeholders are also identified, as is the impact the recommendations have on them. Additionally, a Balanced Scorecard is constructed to illustrate the effect that our strategic recommendations will have on all stakeholders and future company performance. 2. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS 2. 1. Macro Environment Political/Legal| Deregulation in retail industrys trading hours| Economic| Declining consumer spending due to global economic downturn|   | Increasing energy expenditure due to global warming| Socio-Cultural| Increasing demand for better work and social-life balance| Technological| Improvements in IT-Technology | Demographic| Declining work-force due to aging demographics|   | Increasing immigration| Global| Improved international standing of Asian capitals|   | Global protectionism| Table 2. PEST-Analysis The deregulation of the retail industry’s opening hours is expected to have a positive impact on David Jones’ sales (White 2008). On the other hand, declining consumer spending will negatively affect consumer behaviour (Annual report 2008), although government’s stimulus packages are expected to limit this impact (SRJ 2009). Additionally, as people are finding it harder to balance work and family commitments (Australian Government 2009), customer stream is expected to decrease. Global warming is expected to have a negative impact on David Jones’ performance as energy costs are rising (Annual report 2008). Technological improvements in information technology are expected to increase efficiency through the use of Internet and web-enabled processes (Laudon and Laudon 2006). Lower fertility is reducing the supply of workforce. Aging demographics will require David Jones to design its facilities according to this new customer base. Additionally, the increasing overseas migration from Asia (Australian government 2009) will have an impact on consumer behaviour. These demographic groups have higher spending patterns and higher preference for branded products, and hence potentially increasing the market for high quality products (Australian Government 2009). Australia lacks an international image as a major tourism shopping destination, as compared to Hong Kong or Singapore, that have successfully positioned themselves as central shopping and retail destinations in Asia (Folk 2009). Additionally, the geographic distance from Asia reduces tourism shopping in Australia. The rise in protectionism around the world may negatively impact David Jones’ performance due to increasing prices (Kemp 2009). 2. 2. Industry Environment Industry characteristics| High capital requirement and specialised assets| Economies of scale| Brand awareness| Low switching cost| High amount of competitors| Lack of strategic competitors| High amount of suppliers| Emerging e-commerce sites| Table 2. Industry characteristics High capital requirements, specialised assets and economies of scale of existing retailers reduce the incentive of competitors to enter the market. Similarly, the customer loyalty and brand awareness of David Jones’ differentiated product category reduces the incentive to penetrate the Australian retail market (Ondix 2009). While the low switching costs enable consumers to take advantage of the alternatives available to them, the lack of strategic equivalents to David Jones limit consumer’s options. The vast amount of suppliers reduces the threat of forward integration. Suppliers also want to be associated with David Jones due to its strong brand position in Australia. The threat of existing competition for David Jones is marginal due to the lack of strategic competitors. On the other hand, the rising online apparel stores (Rumble 2000) have the potential of removing all previous entry barriers, resulting in increased competition. 2. 3. Internal Analysis and Strategy David Jones follows a differentiation strategy providing well-known high quality products at high volume. It uses centrally located department stores to reach a large number of consumers. The strategic initiatives at place aim to increase shareholder value through new department stores and refurbishment of existing ones and stringent capital expenditure measures. David Jones has operated under the same brand for 170 years (Annual report 2008) and is thus well recognised in the Australian market. Because its brand signals quality, it has been able to differentiate its business strategy from competitors. Secondly, the long-term relationships with well-known suppliers have secured access to high quality products and exclusive supply deals with premium brands (Interbrand 2009). Thirdly, the successful consumer demand estimation has supported its financial position. Finally, David Jones’ borrowing capacity enables it to utilise emerging investment opportunities. The first three capabilities are a result of its industry experience and are expected to deliver competitive advantage in the future. Therefore, they are sources of sustainable competitive advantage. Borrowing capacity is a result of its current financial position and therefore does not reflect future competitive advantage. Table 3. David Jones’ core competencies and sources of sustainable competitive advantage Inefficient customer data collection and low customer service capabilities are David Jones’ weaknesses. Even though it has a data collection system at place via American Express card (David Jones 2009), the card’s incentives seem distant. Because the incentive scheme is based on earning future customer points (David Jones 2009), customers may not feel inclined to participate. Thus David Jones is unable to maximise its data collection. Data collection is crucial in pursuing high customer retention. Additionally, the lack of employees in department stores prevents high customer service. 3. STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS 3. 1. Primary Stakeholders Primary stakeholders are groups whose participation is vital to the existence of the David Jones (Clarkson, 1995). These stakeholders are shareholders, employees and management, customers and suppliers. Through annual shareholder meetings and the composition of Board of Directors, shareholders pursue policies that aim to deliver increased shareholder value. David Jones’ customers are quality and brand-oriented people, who desire convenience and location. To meet its customers’ requirements, David Jones offers a high quality product range and updates its product categories on a yearly basis. To offer convenience, David Jones department stores are centrally located (Annual report 2008). Legislation determines employees’ safety and health issues and compensation policies. Additionally, employees expect equal treatment on job enhancement opportunities. Successful execution of employee policies will secure its work force in the future. David Jones aims to align managers’ interest with shareholder value creation by linking director’s compensation with company performance. In 2008, David Jones reported that eight of its Directors had significant share ownership (Annual report 2008). For suppliers, long-term relationships with David Jones offer stable business transactions and positive public image through David Jones’ high standing in the retail industry. David Jones’ decision to open new stores, represents a direct possibility for suppliers to increase demand for their products. Also, David Jones strong financial position provides financial stability for suppliers. 3. 2. Secondary Stakeholders Secondary stakeholders are groups that are influenced by the decisions of David Jones, but are not in direct transactions with it and thus not essential to its survival (Clarkson 1995). These stakeholders include the federal and local government, Australian Securities Exchange and non-governmental organisations (NGOS). The Federal Government is interested in increasing the collected tax revenue. Employment levels are a key concern for local government as they determine the prosperity of the area. For example, David Jones’ strategic plans to open new stores (Annual report 2008) are expected to generate improved taxable revenue and offer new employment opportunities across different communities. David Jones is listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX 2009), which places high disclosure requirements on listed companies. If David Jones does not meet these requirements, it might face financial sanctions and delisting. Delisting, in particular, would negatively impact company’s performance, as it would limit financing sources and adversely impact David Jones’ image. NGOS monitors David Jones over its labour and environmental practices and can therefore exert negative publicity over David Jones. To address these concerns, David Jones has implemented a code of ethics and conducts over its labour policies and established environmentally friendly measures such as recycling, lighting, and air-conditioning upgrades. Additionally, David Jones provides financial support for medical projects on women’ and children’s health initiatives (Annual report 2008). 3. 3. Social and Institutional Pressures and Trends Waddock et al. (2002) state that social and institutional pressures are sourced from rankings, global principles and standards, and pubic reporting in economic, social and environmental performance. Rankings reflect companies standing against selected peer groups, and thus can be a great source of competitive advantage. In 2009, David Jones’ brand was ranked the 12th most valuable Australian brand and valued at 760 million AUD (Interbrand 2009). Because brand rankings have an influence on investor and customer behaviour, David Jones must strive to keep or improve its standings. Labour practices are a major source of social pressure for David Jones, as it needs to prove to the public that its suppliers meet global standards. Therefore, quality and environmental standards such as ISO reflect ethical management behaviour and thus potentially act as a competitive advantage against companies that have not implemented similar standards. David Jones discloses its social and environmental contribution in its annual report (Annual report 2008). In 2005, David Jones received B- standing on its corporate social responsibility, behind many Australian listed companies (RepuTex 2005). Because investors compare David Jones to other domestically and globally listed companies, their corporate social reports serves as a benchmark for David Jones reporting. . STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS 4. 1. Development of Future Operations The technological developments in information technology have enabled e-commerce platforms, resulting in increased competition from online retailers. Due to the growing demand for better social and work life balance, customers are inclined to spend time in department stores. Therefore, online retailers provide a logical solution and will eventually marginalise the need for a traditional department store chains. Additionally, e-commerce platforms enable Australian online retailers to attract global customers as it reduces the geographic distance between markets and expands the target market. Schefter and Reichheld (2000) found that the higher costs of acquiring customers in e-commerce are offset by even faster accelerating future profits. This is due to greater loyalty that can be achieved through the Internet than in the physical world. Because competing e-commerce providers need to market themselves to customers to build trust, David Jones can avoid these costs due to its strong reputation in the retail industry. Schefter and Reichheld (2000) also found that brand loyalty reduces customers’ desire to change online retail sites. Hence, David Jones’ brand gives a clear advantage against its existing and potential competitors in establishing an e-commerce presence. Therefore, we recommend a strategic shift from department store expansion to e-commerce platform. This would require scaling back investments in department stores and directing the cash flow to the development of an e-commerce platform and necessary organisational skills. The e-commerce platform would also offer efficient customer data collection, as every customer would need to sign up as member. By personalising the customer interface, David Jones would be able to offer individual customer service on a large scale. Additionally, an e-commerce platform would offer a more cost efficient solution for product range expansion and direct marketing. These factors would lead to both higher customer satisfaction, retention of existing customers, and less expensive costs of attracting of new customers. This would increase David Jones’ EBIT margin and growth rate. Because e-commerce will scale down capital expenditure on tangible assets, it will reduce tied up capital as well. Thus, we expect e-commerce platform to have a positive impact on future shareholder value. 4. 2. Improvements in Existing Operations Even though our strategic emphasis is to transform David Jones into an online retailer, the efficiency of David Jones’ current operations is crucial in generating cash flow to support the development of an e-commerce platform. Additionally, the more successful David Jones’ current operations are, the higher the attraction of customers for its future e-commerce platform. Therefore, the following recommendations aim improving David Jones’ current operations. The David Jones American Express card is a strategic initiative aimed at increasing customer data collection (Annual report 2008). Even though this initiative will result in an increase in shareholder value through reduction in tied-up net working capital, it fails to capture all the value enhancement opportunities. The lack of customer loyalty classes and visibility between classes are the main reason for the inefficient use of David Jones AMEX card (Loveman 2003). Therefore, we recommend that David Jones establish three classes of customer loyalty cards: Basic, Silver and Gold. The aim is to make customer loyalty levels as visible as possible and to increase incentives (e. g. discounts) as customer reach a higher level. The establishment of customer loyalty programs will lead to higher customer spending per customer and a reduction in marketing expenses through increased customer retention (Loveman 2003). The reliance on department stores prevents David Jones from addressing all customers individually. Because David Jones’ customers are looking for high quality and well-known brands, they expect high customer service. Employees, especially sales personnel, are in the best position to identify the key bottlenecks in David Jones’ customer service and processes. Therefore, we recommend that David Jones empower its employees to improve processes. This recommendation is in line with Total Quality Management principles and its focus on improving customer satisfaction. The adoption of TQM has improved companies’ competitive position (Reed, Lemak and Nero 2000) and the employee empowerment and high customer service have contributed to increased company performance (Samson and Terziovski 1999; Ugboro and Obeng 2000). Linking David Jones’ employee compensation to process improvement would amplify this effect. Hence, we believe that by involving employees in the decision-making process, David Jones’ will improve its customer service capabilities, thus enable it to modify its processes promptly based on customer feedback. Therefore, both customer loyalty classes and employee empowerment will lead to higher customer satisfaction of its existing operations. The improved customer satisfaction would result in higher growth rates and EBIT margin and eventually increased current shareholder value. Additionally, the improved customer satisfaction would increase customer loyalty and enable David Jones to attract more customers for its future e-commerce platform. Therefore, they would have a positive impact on future cash flows as well. 5. ORGANISATIONAL IMPACT 5. 1. E-commerce platform The implementation of an e-commerce platform would have a positive impact on all stakeholder classes. Customers would benefit from improved convenience and lower prices and suppliers from the increased volume and product presence in new markets. For both employees and managers, e-commerce represents an opportunity for re-education. Shareholders and also executives would gain from the improved profitability and thus improved share price. Governments would benefit from the improved profitability through increased tax revenue. The e-commerce platform is more environmentally friendly than department stores and thus would support NGOS demand for environmentally sustainable solutions. The enhanced profitability, organisational change and better environmental impact, would be reflected in David Jones’ rankings. The implementation of an e-commerce platform would result in organisational changes, as e-commerce reduces the need for a department store network and hence manual labour. To reduce the internal resistance from its employees, every employee would be given the opportunity to re-educate to meet the new organisation’s skill requirements. Additionally, the change towards e-business would result in new working capital management issues at supplier level. Because online retailers rely on suppliers to hold inventory, the inventory risk would shift from David Jones to suppliers. To reduce the risk of suppliers’ obsolete inventory, suppliers would be given access to David Jones’ information systems to better coordinate their manufacturing processes. 5. 2. Customer loyalty programs The customer loyalty programs would have a significant impact on customers and only a limited impact on other stakeholders. The enhanced data collection would enable tailoring of processes to deliver higher customer service for customer groups. The enhanced data collection would also offer suppliers the possibility of targeting their products to specific market ‘opinion leaders’, who have a significant impact on market behaviour (Business Dictionary 2009). Employees and managers would gain from their improved personal reputation associated with working for a successful company. Similar to e-commerce platform, the implementation of customer loyalty programs would result in a better performance and thus increase in tax revenue for the government. The enhanced customer satisfaction would be reflected in rankings as well. Customer privacy and fear of deteriorating basic customer service levels are key issues that need to be addressed. Customers may feel disinclined to take part in customer loyalty programs, if it would result in a decline in customer privacy. Therefore, every customer would have the right to choose in the application how much personal information may be used and to what extent. Additionally, basic level customers may fear a deteriorating customer service level as more resources might be directed to higher customer levels. Hence, David Jones should implement standard customer service levels to prevent this from occurring. If these standards were not met, customers would receive compensation on their purchases. 5. 3. Employee Empowerment The empowerment of employees would have material impact on employee satisfaction and profitability. Because employees would be responsible for designing processes and rewarded based on the outcome, it would result in more motivated employees and thus higher customer service. This would have a similar indirect effect on shareholder value, tax revenue and rankings, as the two previous recommendations. Because the employee empowerment would result in a leaner organisation, managers might feel that their power is diminishing and thus oppose it. Therefore, to align organisational change with management interests, managers’ compensation should be tied to the successful implementation of employee empowerment. Additionally, a formal organisational architecture should be replaced with vertical teams comprising members from every part of the organisation. These vertical teams would enable the sales personnel to voice concern and give suggestions on different topics. Managers would lead these teams and thus employees’ personal growth would be directly reflected in their performance. 6. CONCLUSION In this section, a Balanced Scorecard is constructed to illustrate how the strategic recommendations impact shareholder value. The balanced scorecard includes a strategic map, objectives, measures and targets and is presented in the next page. Growth Lower capital EBIT Share Holder Value | -Achieve profitability-Achieve growth-Less physical departmental stores| -EBIT growth-Increase in revenue-Decrease in PP| -25% CAGR in EBIT-6. % growth in revenue-5% increase in CAGR in fixed asset turnover| Broader Customer Base Higher customer service Broader choice Convenience Lower Price Higher Customer Retention | -Personalization of customer interface-Lower total cost for customer-Higher customer retention-Higher customer base| -Clicks per interface-Delivery cost per total transaction-Frequency of customer purchase-Non-member transaction to total transacti on| -One every visit-5 % reduction per month-Basic: 1 month, Silver: 2 weeks, Gold: 1 week-5% reduction per transaction| Virtual Organizationrice Data Collection System Optimized Product Placement -Get all products on site-Get every customer sign as a member-Optimized shelf placement| -Availability of product item online-Number of new member-Number of inquiry per customer| -100%-5% increase in new customer-0 %| David Jones E-commerce Siterice Customer Loyalty Card Lean Organizationrice | -Developing of necessary skills-Build IT support system-Standardization and reallocation of customer-Alignment with strategy| -Employee participation in workshop-Information system availability-Benchmark criteria in place-Organizational change in place| -100%-100%-100% in place-100% in place| FINANCIAL BALANCED SCORECARDBALANCEbBql EMPLOYEE EMPOWERMENT TARGET OBJECTIVES INTERNAL MEASURE LEARNING CUSTOMER DEVELOPING E-COMMERCE STRATEGY MAP CUSTOMER LOYALTY CARDS 7. REFERENCE LIST Australian Securities Exchange (2009), accessed 3 October 2009, Business Dictionary (2009), accessed 4 October 2009, Clarkson M. B. E. (1995),â€Å"A Stakeholder Framework For Analyzing And Evaluating Corporate Social Performance†. Academy of Management Review, 20 (1), pp. 92-117. David Jones (2008), Annual Report 2008, accessed 4 October 2009, David Jones (2008), accessed 4 October 2009, Folk M. (2009), â€Å"Beyond Our Imagination – the Retailing and Tourism Relationship†, accessed 25 September 2009, Interbrand (2009), â€Å"Best Australian Brands 2009†, accessed 4 October 2009, Kemp J. (2009), â€Å"Protectionism risks rise in 2009-2010†, accessed 25 September 2009, Laudon, K. C and Laudon, J. P (2006), Management Information Systems; Managing the Digital Firm, Pearson Prentice Hall, 10th edition. Loveman G. (2003), â€Å"Diamonds in the Data Mine†. Harvard Business Review, May Ondix. om, accessed 2 October 2009, Reed R. , Lemak D. J. , Mero N. P (2000), â€Å"Total quality management and sustainable competitive advantage†. Journal of Quality Management, 5, pp. 5-26. Reichheld, F. F, Schefter P. (2000), â€Å"E-loyalty: Your Secret Weapon on the Web†, Harvard Business Review, July-August. Rumble C. (2000), â€Å"DJS Spots E-Commerce Opportunity†, accessed 1 October 2009, Samson D. and Terziovski M. (1999), â€Å"The relationship between total quality management practices and operational performance†. Journal of Operations Management, 17, pp. 93-409. Ugboro I. O. , Obeng K. (2000), â€Å"Top management leadership, employee empowerment, job satisfaction, and customer satisfaction in TQM organizations: an empirical study†, Journal of Quality Management, 5, pp. 247-272. Waddock, S. A. , Bodwell, C. and Graves S. B. (2002), â€Å"Responsibility: The Business Imperative†, Academy of Management Executive, 16(2), pp. 132-148. White L. (2008), accessed 4th October 2009, ; https://www. insideretailing. com. au/Latest/tabid/53/ID/4115/Guide-to-retail-trading-hours. aspx;

Explanation of Modern Physics Free Essays

string(126) " In order to explain the behavior of light, you must consider its particle like qualities as well as its wave like qualities\." Explanation of Modern Physics While the term â€Å"modern physics† often suggests that all that came before it was incorrect, 20th and 21st century additions to physics simply modified and expanded the phenomena which Newton and his fellow scientists had already contrived. From the mid-1800’s onward, new advances were made in the way of physics, specifically the revolutions of Einstein’s relativity, removing mankind further from the absolute, and quantum mechanics, which replaced certainty with probability. All of this led to an advance in nuclear weaponry, the advancement of laser technology, and the information age of computers. We will write a custom essay sample on Explanation of Modern Physics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although it directly contradicted the classical equipartition theorem of energy, black body radiation was one of the first discoveries in modern quantum mechanics. This theorem states that within thermal equilibrium, where each part of the system is the same temperature, each degree of freedom has 12kBT, kB representing the Boltzmann constant, of thermal energy associated with it, meaning that the average kinetic energy in the translational movement of an object should be equal to the kinetic energy of its rotational motion. By this point, it was known how heat caused the atoms in solids to vibrate and that atoms were patterns of electrical charges, but it was unknown how these solids radiated the energy that they in turn created. Hertz and other scientists experimented with electromagnetic waves, and found that Maxwell’s previous conjectures that electromagnetic disturbances should propagate through space at the speed of light had been correct. This led to the explanation of light itself as an electromagnetic wave. From this observation, it was assumed that as a body was heated, the atoms would vibrate and create charge oscillations, which would then radiate the light and the additional heat that could be observed. From this, the idea of a â€Å"black body† formed, an object that would absorb all radiation that came in contact with it, but which also was the perfect emitter. The ideal black body was a heated oven with a small hole, which would release the radiation from inside. Based on the equipartition theorem, such an oven at thermal equilibrium would have an infinite amount of energy, and the radiation through the hole would show that of all frequencies at once. However, when the experiment was actually performed, this is not the result that occurred. As the oven heated, different frequencies of radiation were detected from the hole, one at a time, starting with infrared radiation, followed by red, then yellow light, and so on. This proved that high oscillators are not excited at low temperatures, and that equipartition was not accurate. This discovery led to Stefan’s Law, which said that the total energy per square unit of black body per unit time, the power, is proportional to the absolute temperature to the fourth power. It also led to Wien’s Displacement Law, stating that the wavelength distributions of thermal radiation of a black body at all temperatures have essentially the same shape, except that the graphs are displaced from each other. Later on, Planck characterized the light coming from a black body and derived an equation to predict the radiation at certain temperatures, as shown by the diagram below. For each given temperature, the peaks changed position, solidifying the idea that different temperatures excite different levels of the light spectrum. This was all under the assumption that radiation was released in quanta, now known as photons. All of these laws help modern physicists interpret radiation and make accurate estimations at the temperature of planets based on the radiation that comes from them. Einstein used the same quantization of electromagnetic radiation to show the photoelectric effect, which disproved the idea that more intense light would increase the kinetic energy of the electrons radiated from an object. Photoelectric effect was originally the work of Heinrich Hertz, but was later taken on by Albert Einstein. Einstein determined that light was made up of packets of energy known as photons, which have no mass, but have momentum and energy given by the equation E=hf, h representing Planck’s constant and f representing the frequency of the light used. Photoelectric effect explains that if light is shone on a metal with high enough energy, electrons will be released from the metal. Due to the energy equation, light of certain low frequencies will not cause the emission of electrons, not matter how intense, while light of certain high frequencies will always emit electrons, even at a very low intensity. The amount of energy needed to release electrons from a metal plate is dependent upon the type of metal it is, and changes from case to case, as every type of metal has a certain work function, or an amount of energy needed to remove an electron from its surface. If the photons that hit the metal plate have enough energy as the work function of the metal, the energy from the photon can transfer to an electron, which allows it to escape from the surface of the metal. Of course, the energy of the photon is dependent upon the frequency of the light. Einstein postulated that the kinetic energy of the electron once it has been freed from the surface can be written as E=hf-W, W being the work function of the material. Prior to Einstein’s work in photoelectric effect, Hertz discovered, mostly by accident, that ultraviolet light would knock electrons off of metal surfaces. However, according to the classical wave theory of light, intensity of light changed the amplitude, thus more intense light would make the kinetic energy of the electrons higher as they were emitted from the surface. His experiment showed that this was not the case, and that frequency affected the kinetic energy, while intensity determined the number of electrons that were released. By explaining the photoelectric effect, scientists find that light is a particle, but it also acts as a wave. This help support particle-wave duality. In order to explain the behavior of light, you must consider its particle like qualities as well as its wave like qualities. This means that light exhibits particle-wave duality, as it can act as a wave and a particle. In fact, everything exhibits this kind of behavior, but it is most prominent in very small objects, such as electrons. Particle-wave duality is attributed to Louis de Broglie in about 1923. He argued that since light could display wave and particle like properties, matter could as well. After centuries of thinking that electrons were solid things with definite positions, de Broglie proved that they had wave like properties by running experiments much like Young’s double slit experiments, and showing the interference patterns that arose. This idea helped scientists realize that the wavelength of an object diminishes proportionally to the momentum of the object. Around the same time that de Broglie was explaining particle-wave duality, Arthur Compton described the Compton effect, or Compton scattering. This was another discovery which showed how light could not solely be looked at as a wave, further supporting de Broglie’s particle-wave duality. Compton scattering is a phenomenon that takes place when a high-energy photon collides with an electron, causing a reduced frequency in the photon, leading to a reduced energy. Compton derived the formula to describe this occurrence to be ? ‘-? =hCme1-cos? = ? c(1-cos? ), where ? ‘ is the resulting wavelength of the photon, ? is the initial wavelength of the photon, ? is the scattering angle between the photon and the electron, and ? c is the wavelength of a resting electron, which is 2. 26 ? 10-12 meters. Compton came about this by considering the conservation of momentum and energy. Although they have no mass, photons have momentum, which is defined by ? =Ec=hfc=h?. In order to conserve momentum, or to collide at all, light must be thought of as a particle in this case, instead of a wave. Quantum mechanics is not the on ly facet of modern physics, and it shares equal importance with relativity. Relativity is defined as the dependence of various physical phenomena on relative motion of the observer and the observed objects, especially in relation to light, space, time, and gravity. Relativity in modern physics is hugely attributed to the work of Albert Einstein, while classical relativity can be mainly attributed to Galileo Galilei. The quintessential example of Galilean relativity is that of the person on a ship. Once the ship has reached a constant velocity, and continues in a constant direction, if the person is in the hull of the ship and is not looking outside to see any motion, the person cannot feel the ship moving. Galileo’s relativity hypothesis states that any two observers moving at constant speed and direction with respect to one another will obtain the same results for all mechanical experiments. This idea led to the realization that velocity does not exist without a reference point. This idea of a frame of reference became very important to Einstein’s own theories of relativity. Einstein had two theories of relativity, special and general. He published special relativity in 1905, and general relativity in 1916. His Theory of Special Relativity was deceptively simple, as it mostly took Galilean relativity and reapplied it to include Maxwell’s magnetic and electric fields. Special relativity states that the Laws of Physics are the same in all inertial frames. An inertial frame is a frame in which Newton’s law of inertia applies and holds true, so that objects at rest stay at rest unless an outside force is applied, and that objects in motion stay in motion unless acted upon by an outside force. The theory of relativity deals with objects that are approaching the speed of light, as it turns out that Newton’s laws begin to falter when the velocity gets too high. Special relativity only deals with the motion of objects within inertial frames, and is quite comparable to Galilean relativity, with the addition of a few new discoveries, such as magnetic and electric fields and the speed of light. The theory of general relativity is much more difficult to understand than special relativity due to the fact that it involves objects traveling close to the speed of light within non-inertial frames, or frames that do not meet the requirements given by Newton’s law of inertia. General relativity coincides with special relativity when gravity can be neglected. This involves the curvature of space and time, and the idea that time is not the definite that we have always assumed that it was. General relativity is a theory that describes the behavior of space and time, as well as gravity. In general relativity, space-time becomes curved at the presence of matter, which means that particles moving with not external forces acting upon them can spiral and travel in a curve, which becomes conflicting with Newton’s laws. In classical physics, gravity is described as a force, and as an apple falls from a tree, gravity attracts it to the center of the Earth. This also explains the orbit of planets. However, in general relativity, a massive object, such as the sun, curves space-time and forces planets to revolve around it in the same way a bead would spiral down a funnel. This idea of general relativity and the curvature of space-time led scientists to realize what black holes were and how they can be possible. This also explains the bending of light around objects. Black holes have massive centers and are hugely dense. Each particle that it includes is also living in space-time however, and so the center must continue to move and become more and more dense from the motion of these particles. Black holes are so dense that they bend space-time to an enormous degree, so that there is no escapable route from them. General relativity also explains that the universe must be either contracting or expanding. If all the stars in the universe were at rest compared to one another, gravity would begin to pull them together. General relativity would show that the space as a whole would begin to shrink and the distances between the stars would do the same. The universe could also technically be expanding, however it could never be static. In 1929, Hubble discovered that all of the distant galaxies seemed to be moving away from us, which would support the explanation that our galaxy is expanding. The basis of general relativity is the dynamic movement of space and time, and the fact that these are not static measurements that they have always been assumed to be. However, a key issue is that there has been little success in combining quantum mechanics and Einsteinian relativity, other than in quantum electrodynamics. Quantum electrodynamics, QED, is a quantum theory that involves the interaction of charged particles and the electromagnetic field. The scientific community hugely agrees upon QED, and it successfully unites quantum mechanics with relativity. QED mathematically explains the relationships between light and matter, as well as charged particles with one another. In the 1920’s, Paul Dirac laid the foundations of QED by discovering the equation for the spin of electrons, incorporating both quantum mechanics and the theory of special relativity. QED was further developed into the state that it is today in the 1940’s by Richard Feynman. QED rests on the assumption that charged particles interact by absorbing and emitting photons, which transmit electromagnetic forces. Photons cannot be seen or detected in anyway because their existence violates the conservation of energy and momentum. QED relies heavily on the Hamiltonian vector field and the use of differential equations and matrices. Feynman created the Feynman diagram used to depict QED, using a wavy line for photons, a straight line for the electron, and a junction of two straight lines and one wavy line to represent the absorption or emission of a photon, show below. QED helps define the probability of finding an electron at a certain position at a certain time, given its whereabouts at other positions and times. Since the possibilities of where and when the electron can emit or absorb a photon are infinite, this makes this a very difficult procedure. Compton scattering is very prevalent to QED due to its involvement in the scattering of electrons. Modern physics is a simple term used to cover a huge array of different discoveries made over the past two hundred years. While the two main facets of modern physics are quantum mechanics and relativity, there are an amazing number of subtopics and experiments that have brought about rapid change, giving the world new technologies and new capabilities. Thanks to scientists like Einstein, Hawking, Feynman, and many others, we have found, and will continue to find, amazing discoveries about our universe. Sources Anderson, Lauren. â€Å"Compton Scattering. †Ã‚  University of Washington Astronomy Department. 12 Nov. 2007. Web. 1 May 2012. www. astro. washington. edu. Andrei, Eva Y. â€Å"Photoelectric Effect. †Ã‚  Andrei Group. Web. 1 May 2012. www. physics. rutgers. edu/~eandrei. Boyer, Timothy H. â€Å"Thermodynamics of the Harmonic Oscillator: Wien’s Displacement Law and the Planck Spectrum. †Ã‚  American Journal of Physics  71. 9 (2003): 866-870. Print. Branson, Jim. Wave Particle Duality- Through Experiments. 9 Apr. 2012. Web. 1 May 2012. quantummechanics. ucsd. edu. Broholm, Collin. â€Å"Equipartition Theorem. †Ã‚  General Physics for Bio-Science Majors. 1 Dec. 1997. Web. 1 May 2012. www. pha. jhu. edu/~broholm/homepage. Choquet-Bruhat, Yvonne. General Relativity and The Einstein Equations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Print. Einstein, Albert, et al. Relativity: The Special and General Theory. New York: Pi Press, 1920. Print. Einstein, Albert. The Meaning of Relativity. London: Routledge Classics, 1956. Print. Felder, Gary. â€Å"Bumps and Wiggles: An Introduction to General Relativity. † 2005. Web. 1 May 2012. www4. csu. edu/unity/lockers. Feynman, Richard P. â€Å"Space-Time Approach to Quantum Electrodynamics. â€Å"Physical Review  76. 6 (1949): Print. Fitzpatrick, Richard. The Planck Radiation Law. 2 Feb. 2006. Web. 1 May 2012. farside. ph. utexas. edu. Fowler, Michael. Black Body Radiation. 7 Sept. 2008. Web. 1 May 2012. galileo. phys. virginia. edu/classes/252. Jones, Victor R. Heinrich Hertz’s Wireless Experiment (1887). 18 May 2004. Web. 1 May 2012. people. seas. harvard. edu/~jones. Page, L.. â€Å"Black Body Radiation. †Ã‚  Princeton University, Physics 311/312. Sept. 1995. Web. 1 May 2012. ophelia. princeton. edu/~page/phys312. Scatterly, John. â€Å"Stefan’s Radiation Law. †Ã‚  Nature  157. 3996 (1946): 737. Print. Sevian, Hannah. Electrons, photons, and the photo-electric effect. 11 July 2000. Web. 1 May 2012. physics. bu. edu. Sherrill, David. The Photoelectric Effect. 15 Aug. 2008. Web. 1 May 2012. vergil. chemistry. gatech. edu. Takeuchi, Tatsu. Special Relativity. 2005. Web. 1 May 2012. www. phys. vt. edu. Wudka, Jose. Galilean Relativity. 24 Sept. 1998. Web. 1 May 2012. physics. ucr. edu. How to cite Explanation of Modern Physics, Essay examples

Marketing and Customer Service in Hospitality Industry - Sample

Question: Discuss about the Marketing and Customer Service in Hospitality Industry. Answer: After the completion of my graduation in Marketing, I wish to pursue a career in the field of customer service in any hospitality industry or assume the role of a business administration in any organization of repute. While searching a job, the past experience, qualification and the present expertise of the applicant plays an integral role in his final selection. I not only possess managerial expertise for having graduated in Business Marketing course, but I also have first-hand experience in working as supervisor in restaurants. Hence, I wished to search jobs for managerial designations in restaurants, and accordingly came across the vacancy of a restaurant manager in a reputed restaurant. Accordingly I came across the advertisement for the vacancy of a Restaurant Manager in Nambucca, which is asking for a well-experienced manager who can supervise the activities of the staffs and improve the working culture of the place. I also searched for jobs in administrative roles, as I have c ompleted Diploma courses in Marketing, and thus have experience in administering employees. Accordingly, I also came across the advertisement for the job of a site administrator for Laing ORourke who is expected to arrange appointments and provide administrative support to the personnel. I think that both the jobs are suitable for me, as I do possess the expertise and experience in the field of administration. However, the role of a restaurant manager will be more convenient for me, as I have prior experience of working in the restaurant industry. However, I have no experience in working in any construction industry. In order to attract the employers, I have opened up the profiles on LinkedIn as well as Seek.com. The current profiles on these social media professional sites intend to showcase my skills, experience and expertise that can draw the attention of the employers. My career profiles clearly explain my academic background, my past experience as well as my present expertise and qualifications. Although my profile on each of the social networking sites is informative, the absence of my extra-curricular activities, professional courses and a strong academic profile can make my profile less attractive to the employers. For example, although my profile offers a detailed idea about my field of expertise and my past job roles I had worked in, it does not clearly explain the job designations and the job duties I had to perform in the past organizations. It would be good to conduct a SWOT analysis of my career profile, in terms of my job roles for a Restaurant Manager and a Site Administrator which are as follows: SWOT Analysis (Restaurant Manager) : Strength I already possess good interpersonal and intrapersonal communication skills . I already have prior experience in restaurants and have worked in restaurants such as Hotel Marsyangdi Mandala and McDonalds. Weakness No experience as a Manager My field of expertise is Business and Commerce, and I do not have any specialization in Management Studies. My skill in book keeping can make me fit for jobs of accountants rather than managers. Opportunity Huge salary in Nambucca Better future prospects and career growth Threat I lack the time management skills. I get easily stressed . I lack the leadership quality needed for a manager. SWOT Analysis (Site Administrator): Strength Effective communication skills I have good co-ordination skills as I have already worked as a supervisor earlier. I can supervise staffs effectively I can work in collaboration with a team as mentioned in my resume. Weakness Absence of any form of experience in the construction industry I am not good in reasoning and analytical skills My commanding and instructional skills are not quite good. I have not yet enrolled myself in any leadership developing program that can develop my administrative skills (Murphy, 2017). Opportunity I can develop my skill and earn experience in a new field. My ability in assigning duties and supervising employee activities may be an advantage. Threat I am too young and less experienced to assume the role of an administrator. I will have to spend a huge amount of time on sites and fields, and my health issues may not permit the same. As evident from the above SWOT analyses, I will need to develop my leadership skills, and since I have no prior experience in working as an administrator or a manager, I would like to enroll myself in a leadership development course for 6 months. I also wish to pursue Management in Business Administration on a part time basis, so that I can earn the managerial skills and become aware of the basic management concepts. I believe that my enrollment in these courses will help in developing my knowledge and skills needed for assuming leadership responsibilities, and despite the absence of any prior experience, will help me gain an upper hand over the non-trained applicants. The profile in LinkedIn was created exclusively for highlighting the core strengths as well as creating a brand recognition that will help in getting a good position within an organization. A profile picture was set to create an impression on the recruiters that will help them get a clear image of the individual applying for the job position. A headline was added to the profile that helps in highlighting and displaying the career objective. Position within several companies in the past was also added demonstrating the employment history. Education background was also added to the list as well as a residential address for facilitating any mail communication that needs to be sent to the candidate. Summary of the profile was also introduced for helping the recruiters to get an overview of the individual highlighting the core strengths and competencies. Other social media presence was also added for helping the recruiters get an overview from the candidates social life and presence. Link edIn was chosen as it provides the opportunity to highlight language proficiency, accomplishments, projects, patents, interest and experience in one single profile in attracting the recruiters directly. Further featured skills and endorsements on technical and professional skills can also be endorsed that helps recruiters understand the competency level and its reliability (Seek.com.au 2017). The profile in Seek was also created to fulfill one purpose of being employed into an organization for showing skills and experience regarding hospitality and customer service. Seek has provided the opportunity to display skills in various fields. Seek being Australias one of the leading online recruiting portal that helps in applying easily for the position of Site Administrator Laing O Rourke Maclean, NSW as well as Restaurant Manager Nambucca. Specifically Seek and LinkedIn provided the opportunity to apply for the position through highlighting the essential qualification details necessary for the current position. Further excellent opportunity was provided to get details regarding the job responsibility and necessary details on the requirements for the job that after analysis helped the candidate to apply for the job respectively. These online job portals also help in uploading the Curriculum Vitae helping the recruiters to shortlist the CV and arrange for an interview (Seek.c om.au 2017). It can be concluded that the personal brand planning and social media profile has been analyzed that helped in investigating the two job position from www.seek.com for the position of Site Administrator Laing ORourke Maclean, NSW and as a restaurant manager Nambucca. The job prospect that is desired by the student to pursue involves seeking for a position within a company where experience and skills regarding hospitality and customer service can be displayed. The self-analysis of the strength, weakness, threats and opportunities enabled to identify the relevant skills within companys recruitment needs as well as assess the self-capability for the position. The self-analysis also helped to create a personal branding allowing developing support in finding job or business prospect after graduation that contributes to conduct a personal online presence evaluating the needs required by the employers and developing a branding that helps in finding a job easily. References Murphy, M., 2017.Forbes Welcome. [online] Forbes.com. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/markmurphy/2017/01/17/here-are-3-leadership-skills-that-managers-will-need-in-2017/#6844390269eb [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Seek.com.au, 2017. NSW as well as Restaurant Manager Nambucca. [online] Available at: https://www.seek.com.au/job/33454006?type=standardtier=tier3pos=1whereid=21945userqueryid=39914997a56771570d7cd8853c5a83bd-4841081ref=beta [Accessed 19 May 2017] Seek.com.au, 2017. Site Administrator Laing O Rourke Maclean. [online] Available at: https://www.seek.com.au/job/33313623?type=standardtier=tier3pos=7whereid=21945userqueryid=d8acb89555f4d6e8615a519325fab702-4938129ref=beta [Accessed 19 May 2017]

Microsoft vs Foss Essay Example

Microsoft vs Foss Essay Microsoft’s Foss Patent Infringement Holly Stark ITT Technical IT 302 Abstract This paper takes an in depth look at the claims from Microsoft that FOSS (Free and Open Source Software) committed patent infringement in 2006. It also discusses how the events have impacted FOSS, whether negatively or positively and how the actions have changed both since 2006. Microsoft’s Foss Patent Infringement Free software is wonderful and corporate America seems to love it. Its often high-quality stuff that can be downloaded free off the Internet and then copied at will. Its versatile it can be customized to perform almost any large-scale computing task and best of all its crash-resistant. More than half the companies in the Fortune 500 are thought to be using the free operating system Linux in their data centers. In 2006, Microsoft cast a shadow over Free and Open Source Software by alleging that they had violated 235 patents such as the Linux kernel, Samba, OpenOffice. org and others. Foss’s legal representative Eben Moglen contended that software is a mathematical algorithm and, as such, not patentable. Parloff, R. 2007) But what of Microsoft’s claims? Are they valid? But first to answer that you need to understand what a patent really is. A patent is essentially a limited monopoly whereby the patent holder is granted the exclusive right to make, use, and sell the patented innovation for a limited period of time. Granting exclusive rights to the inventor is intended to encourage the investment of time and resources into the develop ment of new and useful discoveries. Once the term of protection has ended, the patented innovation enters the public domain. We will write a custom essay sample on Microsoft vs Foss specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Microsoft vs Foss specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Microsoft vs Foss specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The problem of the patentability of software has become one of the most debated issues with regards to open source software. The Supreme Court stated in a unanimous opinion that patents have been issued too readily for the past two decades, and lots are probably invalid. For a variety of technical reasons, many dispassionate observers suspect that software patents are especially vulnerable to court challenge. This ruling works in FOSS’s favor. Patents can be invalidated in court on numerous grounds; others can easily be invented around. Still others might be valid, yet not infringed under the particular circumstances. FOSS has some well known patrons working in its corner as well. In 2005, six of them IBM (Charts, Fortune 500), Sony, Philips, Novell, Red Hat (Charts) and NEC set up the Open Invention Network (OIN) to acquire a portfolio of patents that might pose problems for companies like Microsoft, which are known to pose a patent threat to Linux. So if Microsoft ever sue d Linux distributor Red Hat for patent infringement, for instance, OIN might sue Microsoft in retaliation, trying to enjoin distribution of Windows. Parloff, R. 2007) A preliminary legal analysis of FOSS licenses conducted seems to suggest that the novel licensing model used by FOSS is legally valid, a fact that lends substantial credit to the movement. Other indications as to the soundness of the licenses are also encouraging; a ruling in Germany that has recognized the validity of the General Public License (GPL) ( J. Hoppner,2004), which further serves to stress that FOSS is a global phenomenon that is revolutionizing the entire field of software development. Microsoft realized that something had to change when it comes to patents. They basically had three choices. They could do nothing, it could start suing other companies to stop them from using its patents, or, they could begin licensing its patents to other companies in exchange for either royalties or access to their patents (a cross-licensing deal). They chose to do the latter. In December 2003, Microsofts new licensing unit opened for business, and soon the company had signed cross-licensing pacts with such tech firms as Sun, Toshiba, SAP and Siemens. On November 2, 2006, Microsoft went public and announced a partnership with Novell to collaborate to help Microsofts Windows, a proprietary operating system, work with Novells Suse Linux, which is based on open-source code. In addition, the software makers struck a deal on patents designed to give customers peace of mind about using Novells open-source products. This partnership made Novell the only company in the industry that was able to provide the customer not only with the code to run Linux, but also with a patent covenant from Microsoft. Evers, Joris 2006) Some thought that it showed that Microsoft was kind of being forced to see Linux as a significant competitor and the FOSS model as a viable business model. (Upfold, Peter 2006) My personal opinion is that this was an attack on the open source community. Microsoft hasn’t actually changed its tune; it’s still actively attacking free software and trying to abolish GNU/Linux while promoting Windows and other proprie tary software as though they are complementary to free software, which they are not. It’s PR nonsense and Microsoft is good at PR. Since then, Novell was sold in 2010 to Attachmate Corp. and a concurrent sale of certain intellectual property assets was sold to CPTN Holdings LLC, a consortium of technology companies organized by Microsoft Corporation. It plays right into the hands of Microsoft’s PR campaign, which strives for a fusion where Microsoft controls both sides of the competition and then derails the side which is less favorable to Microsoft. Microsoft has done that over and over again for many years and victims include giants like IBM and Apple. While FOSS licenses generally protect end user freedom in the realm of copyright, they have no effective protection against threats from software patents, especially from entities outside the FOSS community. In responding to the threat from software patent holders, the FOSS community has created innovative licensing schemes. ( Davidson, S. J 2006) Permissive licenses, such as the Apache licenses, have different patent rights clauses from reciprocal licenses, such as the MPL and GPL. In dealing with potential patent claims, GPL 2. has a â€Å"Freedom or Death† termination clause – â€Å"any patent must be licensed for everyones free use or not licensed at all. † GPL 2. 0 does not allow the development of software that requires any kind of license payments for third party patents. (Hacker. J. n. d. ) GPL 3. 0 was drafted to cope with global software patent threats and to provide compatibility with more non-GPL FOSS licenses. The current GPL draft 3. 0 keeps GPL 2. 0’s copyleft feature and includes new provisions addressing evolving computing issues, such as patent issues, free software license compatibility, and digital rights management (â€Å"DRM†). McMillan, R 2007) As of today, Microsoft is still attacking free software with two types of tactics. The tactics largely include litigation and the use of so-called Fear-Uncertainty-Doubt (FUD) tactics designed to undermine the popular perception of the open source philosophy. This year alone they have won several cases either outright, in appeal or countersuits against Motorola’s Android features. The rest of the FOSS community seems to be on edge and waiting to see what happens next.

Team Work Part 1 & 2 Essays - Criminology, Social Psychology

Team Work Part 1 & 2 Essays - Criminology, Social Psychology Team Work Part 1  CCJ1020-12_Week 4  05/19/2015 Prof. Scott Addlesberger Part I: The Offender There are many differences between a chronic violent offender and a nonviolent offender. A chronic violent offender is an individual who frequently or persistently violates the law. As defined by Marvin Wolfgang, Robert Figlio, and Thorsten Sellin, their definition of a chronic violent offender is delinquents arrested five or more times before the age of eighteen who commit a disproportionate amount of criminal offenses (Siegel & Worrall, 2013). A nonviolent offender is a person causing a crime that does not cause damage, or hurts people. For example crimes like low level drug users, prostitution, shoplifters, burglary, and drug trafficking. Also there are many differences between types of crime committed and the type of offense they commit. These differences include age, race, gender, geographical, and socioeconomic status. There are many differences, but others believe that some nonviolent offenders pleaded out on nonviolent charges but previously did a violent crime at the time wh en they were arrested or in previous arrests. Nonviolent offenders today are taking up most populations in the U.S prisons. Violent offenders are more likely to experience mental health issues, been exposed to violence or been victimized in the community and more likely to exhibit violence when incarcerated. It is important to remember that an individual in the community with mental health issues is not necessarily a violent individual. Violence may be a result of victimization and social exclusion. In the chronic violent crimes, offenders have a pathological tendency to commit and to repeat violent crimes, while in non-violent crimes, offenders don't use physical or emotional violence against victims. Nonviolent offenders are typically those convicted of property crimes. In the U.S. property crimes are often considered more serious than people. Some people do think that just because they are called nonviolent offenders doesnt mean that they should be. For example, It is not hard to imagine that the guy busted for drug trafficking was maybe carrying an illegal concealed weapon at the same time he was collared for slinging rock cocaine and maybe there is strong evidence that he used that gun to throw a few rounds at a rival. Facing an assault with a deadly weapon charge, our drug trafficker is advised by his public defender to cop a plea to selling rock cocaine. And there you have it, he is now a nonviolent offender. In 2004, the Bureau of Justice Statistics studied that 95% of inmates arrested were arrested prior. 33% of nonviolent offenders had history of violent crimes. 8% used a weapon during a nonviolent crime, and 70% of all nonviolent offenders are arrested within three years (Durose, M., & Mumola, C. (2004, October 1). As I said earlier, there are many different variables of each type of offender such as race, age, gender, geographical differences, and gender. But is this really a justifiable way to predict who would become an offender by these variables alone? This is what I would consider a 50/50 percent answer because although it is not morally right to look at a person and say that they will become a criminal but at the same time the way a person carries their self or dress can be a dead giveaway to law enforcement that they are engaged in some kind of criminal activity or at the least will do so. Growing up as a child most of us were told never to judge a book by its cover, but how many times can you honestly say that you never did? If you were like me your answer would be more than usual. Because of the media and what it portrays it seems as though there are more African Americans that are committing crimes and being incarcerated than any other race. Minority group members are involved in a d isproportionate share of criminal activity. According to Siegal and Worrall, African Americans make up about 12 percent of the general population, yet they account for about 38 percent of arrests for Part I violent crimes and for 29 percent of property crime arrests. Part II: The Victim: An individuals risk of criminal victimization depends on their exposure or proximity to offender populations, and exposure, in turn, depends on individuals

Ethical dilemmas facing multinational corporations in their marketing Essay

Ethical dilemmas facing multinational corporations in their marketing of goods and services abroad - Essay Example The best thing is that the benefits and disadvantages are determined even before the organization goes the global way and thus it saves itself from embarrassment which it might face without having proper knowledge and adequate research within it. The significant thing here is to get prepared and be ready for what is to come in the future as concerns to the organization that we are talking about here. (Beckman, 1967) The ethical concerns rose in the wake of marketing of goods and services abroad remains one of the most talked about concerns and this is highlighted within the length of this paper. The ways and means that are usually taken care of whilst managing the goods and services abroad are aplenty and it is only up to the top management within a company that the same can be handled in a several different methods. They are the ones to decide as to what is the real manner in which the firm’s goods and services would be handled as well as who will head the respective departments, lead the business strategic units and act as legal and media representatives of the said business. The business, as marketers say, exists to satisfy its target audience through fulfilling a need courtesy its products and/or services or a combination of the both, the same being true in case of a retail outlet which sells gasoline to local consumers, thus giving in petrol plus extra services in the form of window cleaning, fuel gauge checks and so on and so forth. (Kelley, 1973) A company or an organization needs sound management framework at its top so that the staff and the employees workin g at different levels feel at ease with the job as well as the working environment. This indeed is very important as it builds long-term credibility of the organization that it cares about its employees and not just the customers and in cases profits and revenues only. (Korzeniowski, 2001) International businesses with regards to

Critically assess whether ecological modernisation is essential, or Outline

Critically assess whether ecological modernisation is essential, or not, for the achievement of sustainable development - Outline Example much agreement among all stakeholders that this is a necessity that cannot be overlooked.2 The problem however arises when talks of approach to attaining sustainable development is made.3 This is the core problem that the research paper will seek to address, by outlining the place of ecological modernisation as an important modern day approach to achieving sustainable development. Ecological modernisation is selected as the approach to sustainable development due to the clear and distinct differentiation the concept makes between ecology and economy, and how these two cannot be used together if sustainable development can be achieved.4 A. The evolution of sustainable development shall be taken from the perspective of the Brundtland Report, which defines sustainable development as a state of â€Å"Global economic development sufficient to meet current needs while allowing future generations to achieve their needs†.5 B. The need for an evolution on the approach to sustainable development has largely been influenced by rising activities of humans that pose great threat to the sustainability of the environment and for that matter the economy of the future.6 The evolution of sustainable development shall also stress on various global interventions that have been put in place to achieve sustainable development. Examples of such discussions include the Stockholm Declaration Principle 1, Nairobi Declaration (1982), World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg (2002), and Rio +20 (2012). C. From the Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development, 3 pillars of evolutionary sustainable development are identified, which are economy, environment and social7. All these pillars shall be discussed by the writer in the evolution of sustainable development. B. An underpinning claim and pragmatic approach to ecological modernisation emphasises that economic growth and environmental protection are not compatible and thus the need to use a modernised approach that

The Depiction of Women in Indian Cinema

The Depiction of Women in Indian Cinema Introduction Indian Women have excelled in every field and have engraved their names in many parts of the universe, but there still seems to be a long route ahead before she attains equal status in the minds of Indian men. ‘Most agricultural civilizations downgraded the status and potential of women, at least according to modern Western standards and to the implicit standards of hunting-and-gathering societies. Agricultural civilizations were characteristically patriarchal; that is, they were run by men and based on the assumption that men directed political, economic, and cultural life. Furthermore, as agricultural civilizations developed over time and became more prosperous and more elaborately organized, the status of women deteriorated from its initial level. (http://history-world.org/Civilization,%20women_in_patriarchal_societies.htm) In a well-defined patriarchal society like India, even the cinematic world deems to project women as in factual life. This is a good thing as films have mass appeal and at least some if not all carry out a message to the public and try to create awareness. There is a myth that women are characterized in films to prop up the male role rather than characterize them as the one who keeps the narrative structure sinuous. Women are insinuated in films as bearing the burden of sexual objectification that male roles cannot. Hence, they become the bearer, and not the maker of meaning says Laura Mulvey (Mulvey 834). Most Indian women live a silent life with enormous amount of sacrifices and retain their frustration within themselves for the sake of societal pressure. Women in Indian cinema are born with certain assumptions ranging from cult movies to celluloid blockbusters like Sholay to more recent Fashion that employ themselves as in severe gender issues. They are portrayed either as damsels in distress or demented feminists or simple belly-shaking glam dolls whose sole ambition is to attract the attention of the male gender. In many Indian films it is a common trend to insert ‘item numbers which bear no rational connection to the film in anyways but with an assumption that the film is easily associated. As Bindu Nair(2009:53)says, ‘Sometimes the one song ends up making the film a hit, such as ‘Chamma Chamma from the film China gate. Occasionally, do we see a female being the protagonist of a film than merely being objects of sexual desire. In some cases there appears to be a clash between ‘modern feminism and ‘traditional values. Indian cinema often acts like an emotional register and is very resourceful while reading the characterization of ‘Women. I would like to line up the film Paroma and closely pay attention to the way in which a traditional Hindu wife is deprived of her freedom and is confined by the emotional bonding with the family. It appears to be impossible to gather together a woman character as anything beyond the two incarnates Madonna and Whore. Women in India were not expected to express their feelings or to develop their personalities rather get accustomed to their individual subjugation and succumb to the same. To use a women character in a film is to represent a traditional figure as a symbolic image but many a times it is a mere wishful desire. For the present discussion I have chosen the character Paroma as the centre subject, it being a film directed by a female auteur Aparna Sen. The central character in the film Paroma is a middle class Bengali housewife who is played by Raki Gulzar. This film makes a very strong statement about the perception women have on their own body juxtaposed with a mans perception about her. The word Paroma in the ancient Indo-Aryan language which is Sanskrit means ‘the supreme or ‘the very best. In Hindu religion it is used as a prefix to show admiration or reverence. In this film it takes a very long time to bring out her individuality almost to the second half of the film. The film embarks upon the title credits rolling over a Hindu Goddess Kali symbolizing the bestower of liberation. Goddess Kali is an image of the vengeful mother-goddess. Her name Paroma which roughly translates as ‘the ultimate woman in this film is subsumed by the many relational identities associated with her in the family. She is called by different names in the family such as bhabi (sister-in-law), kaki (aunt), mami (aunt), ma (mother) and bahu (daughter-in-law). This marks the beginning of her identity -the given name Paroma being hidden and lost in the different roles she plays within the family. Paromas mother-in-law, we can say the doyen of the family makes a mention to a group of women that she is alive only because her daughter-in-law (Paroma) takes very good care of her and this establishes the fact that Paroma is indeed of very great importance to the family. There is a point being made when the foreign -returned photographers assistant Sarah, tries to understand if Paroma has an identity of her own and this is made sense to her and explained by the patronizing males in the family. But Rahul Rai initiates her identity when he refuses to cast her as Bhabi or Kaki even though Paroma suggests he addresses her either as Bhabi or kaki as he wished indicating her parameters and hinting that she would be safe within these roles which act as barriers for a woman and prohibiting any trespassers within the boundaries of decorum. It is a custom in many Indian families where the female head has to serve hot food to their family and if this is not done they take up the blame for bei ng a terrible house-wife. A scene where Paromas children return from school screaming â€Å"Ma, ma have you not prepared cold coffee for us?† is quite interesting as one can see the duties of a mother in a close-knit Hindu family and yet her limitations are countless when it comes to doing her own things at leisure. For example, Paroma never finds the time to play the traditional instrument Sitar. Her education had an abrupt end and her interest in sitar and poetry fades out because of her responsibilities as a Hindu house-wife. No one in the family pays much attention to what a woman wants in life. Very rarely do we see members of the family obtain the permission or suggestion from Paroma on what is to be done. This is evident as Paromas husband asks his mother if she has any problem in Paroma modeling for their guest Rahul. As the head of the family Paromas mother-in-law agrees and internally suggests its the least they can do to entertain their valuable guest. The scene that preludes her children returning from school is an interesting one where Rahul tries to stare at Paroma taking miniscule bites into a chili in utmost curiosity as if it was a strange personal act where we as audience see a close up of it from the directors angle. The shot is as though Rahul looks at this act through his camera lens. And interesting thing to note is that this lunch scene has no background score weaved into it. The lunch scene starts with the cooing of the cuckoo birds and there is a dead silence which builds up the moment. Women tend to frame themselves and get a grip on what is generally the acceptable norm by the society and in this case a patriarchal one. The male gaze tends to specify the degree of importance a woman has in the society by means of provoking a female to take more interest in her own self. The camera angles as well as the camera movements used by the cinematographer takes the audience to a new world. When a female character takes up a central part of the screen the camera never prowls at a woman. But when she is performing an action the camera always has a tendency to creep around her body voyeuristically. This all adds up to turning a woman into a spectacle. For example, In Chandni bar directed by Madhur Bhandarkar whose fixation for every movie is ‘real has many scenes set up in a dance bar where women are scanned top to bottom by the men in the bar. The natural contours of the body are made distorted by unnatural ways of dressing to emphasize certain body proportions and for this very reason they are shot from a low angle or a high angle to reveal cleavage. The men in Indian cinema either projected as ‘romantic heroes or the ‘bad guy are indubitably majestic on screen space unlike our female characters that always tend to lead a surrendered life even on screen. As Vrinda Mathur (2009: 66) says, ‘The male characters of Indian cinema, i.e. the heroes(those knights in shining armour) and the villains (those over-energetic sharks) move around the space of the movie like players in a deadly choreographed game of chess with the women characters as sacrificial pawns. It is quite apparent from the beginning that Rahul the photographer has a particular interest in capturing beauty. One can stand by this point from the way he captures Goddess Kali on the day of the religious function which is the opening scene of the film. By this one can confirm that he has interest in aesthetically appealing subjects. Many of his subjects seem to be centered on female oriented issues. We can justify this fact by encompassing his interest to capture the â€Å"Indian house wife†. He proposes to pay peculiar attention to Paroma from the beginning stating that she is a very beautiful traditional Indian woman. As the film grips along, his fascination turns to personal from being a professional admirer of her beauty. In reciprocation to that we see Paroma indulging and getting a sense of sexual undercurrent and falling for the same. She tries to halt the modeling sessions but due to mere persistence from the family she does so to accommodate the guest in every po ssible way. As the modeling sessions go on she is made to realize her radiance and elegance by Rahuls gaze. Although she seems hesitant and apprehensive like for instance she covers her saree over her ankle in the first modeling session. But eventually she tends to react amicably to Rahuls desires. Rahul makes her realize her value and teaches her to see the world from a different perspective. This is symbolically shown when Rahul suggests to Paroma to see her own city from a high angle where one gets a birds eye view of the same. As Anshoo Sharma (2009: 111) rightly says: ‘It is very symbolic when he says -learn to live life dangerously, because it is only when one is ready to experiment and take chances that there is a possibility of gaining something valuable in the process. And in a womans case that ‘something is realization of oneself as a separate entity complete and whole and not a mere extension of the rib of Adam. The films that focus on women protagonists showcase their search for self through their bodies. This is quite outstanding in the film Chandni bar. Mumtaz character played by Tabu the protagonist is forcefully sent by her maternal uncle to be a show girl in a dance bar. Her major source of income was from performing in the dance bar. She would maximum need to groove her body to the music and there would be scores of men willing to shed their money on her for the very own reason voyeuristic desires. This womans body is given the penultimate magnitude in many of the films we see. And in these films the act tends to start with a rebellious nature and the instrument being their body. As Jasbir Jain (2009: 121) has observed, Rebel women are portrayed with ridicule and comedy. Rebelliousness need not always be conclusive or even approved within the narrative structure. At times it may be part of the discourse on modernity and perceived as a potential threat to patriarchy through the values of education/westernization/independence. In a scene from Mirch Masala (1985) the protagonist Smitha Patil directs the tax collector to drink water from the other side of the river. She says: (This side is where human drink and the other side is where the animals drink) This can be an indirect statement made to the tax collector referring him to being a ruthless animal. Although the other women tend to run away at the sight of them approaching Smitha Patil stands still reflecting her character instantly that nothing can demoralize her. Having said much about rebelliousness and insubordination, it sometimes plays the part of a discourse taken towards modernity in a sense that it threatens the patriarchal structure. This can be called to mark the beginning of a revolutionary period that breaks the stereotypical and conventional thoughts of a society. A female protagonist who is shown to be wronged in the society and due to this suffers a great deal in life. In other words, she is said to be victimized who endure the consequences. If one notices it is always the female who bears the brunt of all the misfortunes. Possibly owing this to their beauty and morality they are able to capture the hearts of the men. But this seems to be taken for granted by the men. Now, having discussed about how women are portrayed and the penalties they pay in return are a myriad when it comes to how men are showcased. Although to digress a little from the centre of discussion, it would be interesting to see how men would react if there was a reverse of these situations. But what really happens in this case is that the men do not like to be treated as anything below their dignity even if it was unintentional. As Anshoo Sharma (2009: 114) has rightly said, ‘They vent their anger, shun the women, and make them feel guilty. They are never shown to be in a compromising position -groveling or pleading with their women. From this we can conclude saying there are varying degrees of norms set for men and women in this patriarchal structure. This is otherwise called double standards of the male outlook being more evident. Paromas husband who is away on a business trip to Mumbai tends to sweet talk his secretary to fulfill his desires. What would be interesting to note at this point is that this particular scene goes unnoticed throughout the film. Other than his secretary no one knows the true story and no one would even come to know because the secretary is about to get married. In that case the secretary is not going to reveal this incident hoping to maintain her dignity and not ruin her chances of getting married. In the shot after the secretary leaves, he abuses her and slams the door. There is stark contrast in the way this matter is subdued as compared to what happens to Paroma eventually. One may argue that Paroma also had the freedom to keep up to her appointments with Rahul as her husband was away. Husbands do not necessarily offer the right kind of attention that is needed. Though this is an example of adulterated behavior by Paroma, her husband is not better in this stance. Much later Paroma is being ostracized by the family for the very reason that Rahul sends her a copy of the life magazine where her photograph is explicitly put up with his signature. This entirely shocks the family and creates a massive pandemonium. She is completely isolated from the family and her mother-in-law falls sick. Paromas husband unreasonably blames her for his mother falling ill and simultaneously tells her that he would teach the kids and that he does not want his kids to be taught by a whore. After Rahul has left to Greece her interest in house-hold work lacks interest. A woman, who is so devoted and energetic to the family needs once upon a time, completely does her share of chores listlessly. An observant husband asks her if she is keeping well, distressed reciprocates her absent-minded stupor. After the husband is aware of the photograph he condemns her and makes up his mind to shift to the guest room. In countering that Paroma confronts him and questions him if he has never committed mistakes in his life? And a point blank response No! says it all. One scene shows her husband frantically searching for a pair of cufflinks and scatters the draws and cupboards. Paroma who is silently watching gives a hand once her husband asks her maid to look for it. Paroma picks it up from the right draw and is diffident whether to hand it to him or leave it on the table. We see Paroma in her initial behavior as in early part of the film. Is this saying that she is attempting to get things back to normal? As Shoma A. Chatterji (2002: 76) aptly says, ‘The fact that she knows precisely where things around the house, is a pointer to the desperation a committed housewife like Paroma can be pushed to. It also proves her vulnerability. The irony is that the chores she did with such love and affection can be done with equal efficiency by Kamala, the maid, minus of course, the love and the affection Paroma put into them. Paroma is deemed to be portraying an equal status of a maid in this illustration. However it will be termed as an un-paid servant. Is this the kind of image that women would like to see on screen? Paroma being a strong character should be standing up for herself. Even though her routing was a little unusual to vast majority, this is Paromas point of view. The rupture created between Paroma and her extended family exposes the cruelty of patriarchal insistence and poses a threat to the male dominated society. The image of a mother she carries takes a toll when she puts her relationship before her motherhood. This does not necessarily mean she is insensitive to her childrens feelings. Every human requires a companion and in this case her determinants are surrounded by feelings of pleasure. As Shoma A. Chatterji (2002: 77) says, â€Å"Hinduism and the patriarchy it functions within, insists on placing the mother on a pedestal, which is natural and logical extension of the worship of the Mother Goddess to include the family unit. The pedestal is conveniently used by the patriarchal family to reduce the same mother to silence, absence and marginality, politically constructed to seemingly connote to the woman concerned.† As the narrative progresses, we embark upon something close to a peak. Paroma is disheartened with the way her attempt to reconcile things with family was treated unfavorably that she takes a drastic decision to end her life. She is admitted to a hospital and is diagnosed with a brain hemorrhage where the doctor says her hair needs to be shorn off for the purpose of an x-ray. On hearing this Paromas daughter sobs at her mothers hair being shaven off. One can notice a sense of hesitation from the members of the family as soon as they are informed that the surgery would do Paroma some good. Does this signify their hesitation to her as a person back into the family or just vacillation to the surgery? If it is evident that a surgery will save Paroma from more harm and why would anyone have double thoughts about this. It is clear that the family is in a dilemma to accept Paroma after such an incident and worried if the society would brand them as we know they would. To speak for majority of the families in India societal pressure plays a huge role in any decision the family makes. This is doubled up if the family has many girls in the family. If any decision that is taken has to reflect on the society then where is the question of living life to the fullest. One can understand if there is debate with regard to being responsible but not to the extent where the society rules ones life. This indicates a new beginning to Paroma or an end to all the discomfiture after all. As Mini Nanda (2009: 174) says, ‘Tonsuring of her hair seems to be a process of sloughing off her past, the pain and the humiliation as well as thrusting a widowhood on her. Paroma stays rigid that she will not speak any of her family members. She requests for a diary and a pen and begins to empty her feelings into the book. This self-defining act could also be looked at as a prolongation to the letters she used to write Rahul. She mentions the daily activities that happen in her nursing room. Paromas friend Sheila gets her a paper cutting of a write about Rahul, which Paroma chooses to let go standing near her window. This could be a mark made to erase the smallest trail of her past and to start a new beginning with vigor. Paroma has a conversation with her friend Sheila where she asks Sheila to get her a job as a sales assistant. When her family and the Doctor insist she goes through psychotherapy, she boldly says she has no guilt feeling inside her for her to go through any therapy. We see a fresh air of confidence swing past Paromas character. One can notice the diary writing to have started in the end of the film. Thereby stating the initiative Paroma has taken to express her feeling. Paroma for the first time voices her opinion to her family members about her ideas to work as a sales assistant. Even after each one trying hard to persuade Paroma to go through the therapy, so that her life could flow in the direction as before she stands up for her self. This act is again refreshing from the Paroma earlier on in the film and the rejuvenated Paroma. The climax has us all thinking metamorphic derivations. We see Paroma spill the beans to her shocked family about her new plans of taking up a job. And then her husbands reaction is worth noting at this point as it comes as a shocker to him. He is taken by surprise at Paromas decision and asks what people would think if his wife worked as a sales assistant for a very menial pay. In spite of all the pushing and probing from the family Paroma stands stable no matter what her family brands her as. She pans left to notice the plant sitting by the window sill and the name flashes across her mind ‘Woh Patte! Calendula kaise? Haan Euphobia contenopholia Krishnapallavi!? (Those leaves! Not Calendula! Yes, Euphobia contenopholia) There by telling us that she has definitely come out stronger than before by finding her inner-self and may be more. As Anshoo Sharma (2009: 117) says: ‘In conclusion one can say that like phoenix she rises from her ashes stronger, more capable. It is the rebirth of Durga , the Paroma who has realized her ‘Shakthi but in a new form, a different context. References: Bindoo Nair (2009) ‘The Female bodies and the Male Gaze: Laura Mulvey and Indian Cinema in Jasbir Jain and Sudha Rai (ed.) Films and Feminism, Jaipur, Rawat Publication. Vrinda Mathur (2009) ‘Women in Indian Cinema: Fictional Constructs, in Jasbir Jain and Sudha Rai (ed.) Films and Feminism, Jaipur, Rawat Publication. Anshoo Sharma (2009) ‘Crossing the Boundaries: Woman in search of Self, in Jasbir Jain and Sudha Rai (ed.) Films and Feminism, Jaipur, Rawat Publication. Shoma A. Chatterji (2002) The Cinema of Aparna Sen, Calcutta: Parumitha Publication. Mini Nanda (2009) ‘Symbolism and Space in Aparna Sens Paroma and Deepa Mehtas Fire, in Jasbir Jain and Sudha Rai (ed.) Films and Feminism, Jaipur, Rawat Publication. Mulvey L. (2975) ‘Visual Pleasure and narrative cinema, Screen, 16, 3, Autumn